![]() Determining the early transcriptional indicators of prolonged S-G2 phases that coincided with cell proliferation delay, or an anticipated subsequent auxin increase, accelerated cell differentiation or death, was used to link IR-regulated hallmark functions and tissue phenotypes after IR. Accordingly, genes in all functional classes were either down or up-regulated concomitantly with downregulation of chromatin deacetylases or upregulation of acetylases and methylases, respectively. The hundreds of radiomodulated genes identified were not a random collection, but belonged to functional pathways such as those of the cell cycle cell death and repair DNA replication, repair, and recombination and transcription translation and signaling, indicating the strong cell reprogramming and double-strand break abrogation functions of ATM checkpoints. ![]() Sequence and function homology searches import of spatio-temporal, cell cycling, and mutant-constitutive expression characteristics and a simplified functional classification system were used to identify novel genes in all functional classes. ![]() Results of several microarray experiments performed with whole seedlings and roots up to 5 h post-IR were compiled in a single table, which was used to import gene information and extract gene sets. Early morphologic defects in meristematic stem cells indicated that AtATM, an Arabidopsis homolog of the human ATM gene, is essential for maintaining the quiescent center and controlling the differentiation of initial cells after exposure to IR. To obtain a comprehensive view of the ATM pathway in plants, we performed a time-course analysis of seedling responses by combining confocal laser scanning microscopy studies of root development and genome-wide expression profiling of wild-type (WT) and homozygous ATM-deficient mutants challenged with a dose of γ-rays (IR) that is sublethal for WT plants. Its depletion causes meiotic and somatic defects in Arabidopsis and progressive motor impairment accompanied by several cell deficiencies in patients with ataxia telangiectasia (AT). Furthermore, the additional degree of freedom in the fractional controllers helps the PSO technique to get the optimum cost at a very low number of iterations compared with that of the integer one.ATM ( Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated) is an essential checkpoint kinase that signals DNA double-strand breaks in eukaryotes. The presented methodology is tested using MATLAB Simulink simulation and the results show improved performance of the field oriented control technique by the employment of the fractional order controllers instead of the conventional integer at different operating points. Particle Swarm Optimization technique (PSO) is employed to tune the gain, integration parameter and the fractional order parameter for each of the speed, current and MRAS controllers to get the optimum values. In this work, the conventional integer controllers of the vector control method are replaced with the Fractional Order PI (FOPI α) controllers. This paper introduces a Fractional Order Field Oriented Control (FO-FOC) with sensorless Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) for the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM).
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